An undercover report involves a journalist concealing their identity to gain access to information that would otherwise remain hidden. It can reveal evidence of misconduct, unethical behavior or societal issues that the public has a right—and often a need—to know about.
When done well, however, this controversial investigative technique can have a profound impact. From Nellie Bly’s asylum expose to modern investigations of corporate corruption, this tool can be a powerful means of advancing society. Yet it’s also a risky and complicated practice that raises ethical concerns.
To help journalists navigate this complex issue, clear policies and oversight are essential to ensure responsible use of this tool. Key considerations include minimizing deception, justifying methods, protecting vulnerable subjects and following relevant laws. In addition, reporters should carefully weigh the benefits against potential harms when making this choice.
Before any undercover reporting, journalists should discuss the purpose and scope of their work with a trusted adviser, especially an outside lawyer who can provide legal advice on acceptable strategies and publishable facts. They should also thoroughly map out their plans, including who they will go to, how, with whom and when. This will help them avoid a common mistake – accidentally crossing the line into entrapment, where they are deliberately setting up a subject to fail in order to get a story.
Finally, they should make sure their safety plan includes a way to communicate with the team and a backup plan for emergencies. And they should consider the emotional toll an undercover operation can take on a reporter, particularly if they are embedded in dangerous or upsetting situations.